Historical Maps

There are many map services on the internet that provide their maps as a stand-alone image or using a standard tile service protocol. The Running Reality app can load these maps into a layer.

Overview

There are online map collections on the internet that provide historical maps as either standalone images (in PNG, JPEG, or GeoTIFF format) or as a map tile service. You can either find them from the Collections in Running Reality's Add Data Source menu or by going directly to their website. For standalone images, you may have to load them and then georectify them yourself. For

Collections

These are websites that host individual tiled maps or collections of tiled maps. You can access collections directly from with the Running Reality app's Add Data Source menu or by going directly to the websites below. Care should be taken regarding copyright when doing research with an online map, and proper citations should be used.

	Open StreetMap	Map tile server available for an atlas of the modern world.
	Wikipedia	The open online encyclopedia with a wide range of historical maps.
	New York Public Library	The New York Public Library has an extensive collection of historical maps.
	US Geological Survey	Detailed historical topographical maps of the U.S.
	University of Texas	Extensive global map library
	MapWarper	Maps from the MapWarper.net georectification tool.
	Old Maps Online	Maps from multiple sources, including governments and libraries around the world.
	David Rumsey	David Rumsey historical map collection
	Library of Congress	The U.S. Library of Congress extensive map collection
	Historic Aerials	Aerial maps and imagery of the U.S.
	West Point Battle Maps	The U.S. Military Academy's battle map collection
	EdMaps	Historical maps collection, mostly for Europe, and links to university map collections.

Georectification

Historical maps in a PNG or JPEG format are usually just raw scans of the original paper map and do not have any embedded georectification metadata embedded in the file. Maps in the GeoTIFF format often do have georectification metadata. Georectification is the process of marking how the pixels of an image align to latitude and longitude on the surface of the Earth. For modern maps, this can be a fairly straightforward process, but for historical maps there may need to be some more complex warping of the map to align features to modern standards of accuracy.

Running Reality currently has basic georectification tools, but is developing more advanced ones. The basic tools are available if you switch on "allow editing" from the layer's edit menu. The basic tools are the sizing, rotation, and pinching tools. The map's image will first appear in the center of the screen and you will need to size it and rotate it until the corners match the correct in-map location. If you are working in a region of the map that doesn't have much Running Reality data, adding an OpenStreetmap layer can help align features.

Advanced georectification using geographic control points (GCPs) to precisely align individual features is still under development. You can add GCPs, but the map warping remains error-prone, especially for maps with fewer than 7 GCPs. Advanced georectification is also available using the MapWarper.net tool.

Tile Servers

Many historical maps have already been georectified and are available from online map collections as tiled maps. You can provide Running Reality with the tiled map URL in the format below:

Text in [brackets] you must swap for real URL text, and text in {braces} is for Running Reality to swap for number values.